Cualquier cosa ......... |
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De acuerdo a la formula de Karl Schwarzschild R=(2GM)/(c^2), si comprimimos al sol para que se convierta en un agujero negro, este terminaría teniendo cerca de 3 km de diámetro. Y para que la Tierra lograra transformarse en un agujero negro tendría que ser comprimida hasta por lo menos 8.7 milímetros. Eso es menos de un centímetro!! Pero sería un pequeño asesino espacial en potencia. "Sadly, Schwarzschild died of infection within a year of coming up with his eponymous calculation. He never got to see black holes, or wide acceptance of his idea. But he certainly got a lot done." |
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The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, to the east of the Mariana Islands. The trench is about 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) long but has an average width of only 69 kilometres (43 mi). It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10.911 km (10,911 ± 40 m) or 6.831 mi (36,069 ± 131 ft) at the Challenger Deep, a small slot-shaped valley in its floor, at its southern end, although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11.03 kilometres (6.85 mi). At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), over one thousand times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure the density of water is increased by 4.96%, making ninety-five litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep contain the same mass as a hundred litres at the surface. The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 ⁰C. |
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10 CANCER-CAUSING SUBSTANCES FOUND IN ANY DEVELOPED SOCIETY There are a number of probable and possible carcinogens in every workplace and community, including household environments. The following are ten cancer-causing agents that affect a high percentage of the public. Here’s where to find them.
CRYSTALLINE SILICA Associated cancers: Lung cancer What is it? Crystalline silica is a component of soil, sand, and rocks (like granite and quartzite). Only quartz and cristobalite silica that can be inhaled as particles are designated known carcinogens. Where is it found? In the air during mining, cutting, and drilling. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation Occupations most at risk: Quarry workers, plasterers, drywallers, construction workers, brick workers, miners, stonecutters (including jewellery), workers involved in drilling, polishing, and crushing, pottery makers, glassmakers, soap or detergent manufacturers, farmers, dentists, and auto workers. BENZENE Associated cancers: Lymphatic and blood-borne cancers (like leukemia) What is it? Benzene is a flammable, organic chemical compound that is a colorless liquid with a sweet aroma. Where is it found? Naturally produced by volcanoes and forest fires. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, skin contact Occupations most at risk: Taxi drivers, truckers, couriers, auto shop workers (due to lengthy exposure to vehicle exhaust or traffic congestion), those dealing with petrochemicals such as gas-station employees or oil-refinery workers, firefighters, lab technicians, and workers involved in making coal or coke chemicals, rubber tires, steel, and plastics. WOOD DUST Associated cancers: Cancers of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx What is it? Particles of wood created by cutting and sanding. Where is it found? Anywhere wood is chipped, turned, drilled, or sanded. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation Occupations most at risk: Those in the construction industry, and to some extent, those in the logging industry. Specific occupational settings that typically involve significant exposure include furniture/cabinetry shops, timber mills, window/door manufacturers, joinery shops, wooden boat manufacturers, and pulp and paper manufacturers. ASBESTOS Associated cancers: Lung, laryngeal, and ovarian cancers What is it? Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring minerals that form heat-resistant fibers. Where is it found? Naturally in rock formations. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, a bit through skin contact Occupations most at risk: Asbestos miners, brake repair mechanics, building demolition or maintenance workers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, construction workers, electricians, plumbers, plaster and drywall installers, auto mechanics. NICKEL AND COMPOUNDS Associated cancers: Lung, nasal, and paranasal sinus cancers What is it? Metallic nickel, a possible carcinogen, is a silver-like, hard metal or grey powder. Nickel compounds, known carcinogens, tend to be green to black, but yellow when heated. Where is it found? Used to make stainless steel, and also found in magnets, electrical contacts, batteries, spark plugs, and surgical/dental prostheses. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin/eye contact Occupations most at risk: Welders, construction millwrights, industrial mechanics, metal spraying workers, machinists, machining/tooling inspectors, nickel refinery workers, iron/steel mill workers, metal ore miners, and manufacturers in structural metals, motor vehicle parts, boilers, and shipping containers. FORMALDEHYDE Associated cancers: Nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia What is it? A colorless, combustible gas with a pungent odour. Where is it found? Used in the manufacture of textiles, resins, wood products, and plastics. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact Occupations most at risk: Embalmers, pathology lab operators, wood and paper product workers, and health care professionals (nurses, dentists) exposed during use of medicinal products that contain formaldehyde. Also at risk are painters, manual labourers, product assemblers, foundry workers, and those who teach in cadaver laboratories. IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS Associated cancers: Thyroid, breast, and blood-borne cancers What is it? Includes particles and rays emitted by radioactive materials, nuclear reactions, and radiation-producing machines. Where is it found? X-rays, radiotherapy. Nuclear power plants. Naturally in uranium mines. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, via skin Occupations most at risk: Those who work around x-ray machines (such as radiation technicians, nurses, and some chiropractors), nuclear power technicians, uranium miners, airline crews, and astronauts. CADMIUM Associated cancers: Lung cancer What is it? Cadmium is a silvery-white or blue metal typically found in mineral deposits. Where is it found? Zinc deposits. As a byproduct of mining for lead, zinc, and copper. Battery production. As pigments in plastics and coatings for electronics, steel and aluminum to prevent corrosion. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion Occupations most at risk: Welders, plastic processing machine operators, and foundry workers. CHLORAMBUCIL / MELPHALAN / CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE Associated cancers: Leukemia (Yes, this is correct – these chemicals that are used in conventional medical care to “treat” malignancies can actually contribute to the formation of leukemia.) What is it? These chemicals are tumor growth inhibitors used as chemotherapy drugs. Where is it found? In hospitals and pharmacies where malignancies are treated with conventional pharmaceutical agents. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact Occupations most at risk: Nurses, hospital laundry workers, and pharmacy technicians and pharmacists who prepare chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer patients. ARSENIC Associated cancers: Lung and skin cancer What is it? A natural element that is a tasteless and odorless. Where is it found? Trace amounts are found in all living matter. Used in manufacturing batteries, ammunition, hardening copper, and glassmaking. Mode(s) of exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact Occupations most at risk: Machinists, machining tool workers, industrial mechanics, glaziers, welders, miners, auto-body workers, and those that work around copper/lead smelters, wood preservation industries, boilermakers, and sandblasters. |
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